Día de la afrocolombianidad: La importancia de adoptar los Mecanismos e Instrumentos Internacionales de Protección de Derechos

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Colombia, 24 de mayo del 2023.Cada 21 de mayo se celebra en Colombia el Día de la Afrocolombianidad[1] , en conmemoración de la lucha de las comunidades afrodescendientes por conseguir […]

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Colombia, 24 de mayo del 2023.Cada 21 de mayo se celebra en Colombia el Día de la Afrocolombianidad[1] , en conmemoración de la lucha de las comunidades afrodescendientes por conseguir la abolición de la esclavitud en Colombia[2], una fecha que busca reconocer y valorar la riqueza cultural y étnica de esta población en el país. Sin embargo, a pesar de los avances en materia de derechos y reconocimiento, aún existen importantes desafíos para garantizar la igualdad y la protección de los derechos de las personas negras, afrocolombianas, raizales y palenqueras en Colombia. En el marco de esta conmemoración, el Instituto Internacional sobre Raza, Igualdad y Derechos Humanos presenta su participación en los Mecanismos e Instrumentos Internacionales de Protección de Derechos humanos e insta al Estado colombiano a realizar todas las acciones pertinentes para su su implementación efectiva.

Una de las principales barreras que enfrentan las personas afrocolombianas es la discriminación racial, la exclusión social y la violencia policial racista por parte de la Fuerza Pública. A pesar de que la Constitución Política de Colombia reconoce la diversidad étnica y cultural del país, la realidad es que muchas personas afrodescendientes continúan siendo víctimas de prejuicios y estereotipos negativos que limitan sus oportunidades, acceso y garantía de derechos como la educación, la salud y el trabajo. Además, la población afrocolombiana ha sido afectada e impactada diferencialmente en el marco del conflicto armado. Por ejemplo, la Unidad de Búsqueda de personas Dadas por Desaparecidas (UBPD) ha identificado que 2.752 personas dadas por desaparecidas son pertenecientes a comunidades afrodescendientes, negras, raizales y palenqueras[3]. Esto sumado a que las comunidades afrocolombianas han sido invisibilizadas por los censos estatales y las cifras oficiales no dan cuenta del tamaño de esta población en el país. Así, el último censo realizado en 2018 ignoró al 30% de personas afrocolombianas, en lo que fue considerado un «daño irreversible» por la Corte Constitucional, que condujo a la invisibilización estadística de esta población. La disminución en la cifra de población afrodescendiente no se debió a cambios en la natalidad y la mortalidad de la población, sino a múltiples dificultades que tuvo el censo realizado por el Estado, como problemas de seguridad en los territorios, falta de capacitación del personal que realizó las entrevistas, entre otros[4]. Estos resultados se deben a la falta de atención por parte de la institucionalidad hacia las advertencias frecuentes de las organizaciones étnicas afrodescendientes e indígenas. El fenómeno de la invisibilidad estadística afecta a la población afrodescendiente y es una forma indirecta de discriminación. A través de los siglos, esta población ha tenido que exigir su reconocimiento para identificar las desigualdades que enfrentan y acceder a sus derechos fundamentales[5]. Con la reducción de la población afrodescendiente en Colombia en 2018, el Estado Colombiano ignoró en su momento la posibilidad de adoptar políticas públicas a favor de este grupo étnico

Ante este panorama, es fundamental que el Estado colombiano adopte las Convenciones e Instrumentos Internacionales de protección de derechos en contra del racismo sistémico y la discriminación racial con el fin de garantizar la igualdad y la protección de los derechos de la población afrocolombiana. Es importante destacar el papel de La Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial (ICERD, por sus siglas en inglés) la cual fue adoptada por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en 1965 y entró en vigor en 1969. Colombia ratificó la ICERD en 1981, comprometiéndose a tomar medidas para prevenir y erradicar la discriminación racial en todas sus formas en el país[6]. Entre las principales recomendaciones de la ICERD destacan: la necesidad de adoptar medidas efectivas para prevenir, investigar y sancionar el racismo y la discriminación racial en todas sus formas. También se hace hincapié en la importancia de fortalecer las instituciones encargadas de garantizar la igualdad y no discriminación, así como de promover la educación y la sensibilización sobre la diversidad cultural y étnica del país.

Examen Periódico Universal (EPU)

El Examen Periódico Universal (EPU) es un proceso único que se realiza cada cuatro años y medio, el cual implica la evaluación de los registros de derechos humanos de todos los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas. Es un proceso auspiciado por el Consejo de Derechos Humanos, que brinda a cada Estado la oportunidad de informar sobre las medidas que ha tomado para mejorar la situación de los derechos humanos en su país y cumplir con sus obligaciones en esta materia. En este proceso participa el Estado, que puede presentar un informe nacional, expertos y grupos independientes[7], así como instituciones nacionales de derechos humanos y organizaciones no gubernamentales. En el cuarto ciclo del EPU, Colombia presentó contribuciones sobre las acciones implementadas para garantizar los derechos humanos a nivel nacional. El Instituto Raza e Igualdad también participó con un informe sobre la situación de los derechos humanos de las personas afrodescendientes en Colombia, en el que se describen las recomendaciones implementadas y se establecen nuevas recomendaciones para garantizar su cumplimiento en temas como el conflicto armado, la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz, la situación de las personas defensoras de derechos humanos afrodescendientes y acciones en contra del racismo y la discriminación racial.

Entre las recomendaciones realizadas por el Instituto en el informe se destacan:

  • Establecer un mecanismo de seguimiento eficaz de implementación del capítulo étnico del Acuerdo de Paz que promueva la interlocución entre instituciones estatales y comunidades afrodescendientes
  • Implementar una valoración del riesgo que garantice la incorporación del enfoque étnico-racial, de género y territorial, desde una perspectiva interseccional, en las instancias de discusión del Comité de Evaluación de Riesgo y Recomendación de Medidas (CERREM).
  • Fortalecer y promover la participación de comunidades negras, afrodescendientes, raizales y palenqueras en el proceso de análisis del riesgo a fin de adoptar de medidas de protección que respondan a las necesidades de las personas protegidas.
  • Desarrollar espacios participativos permanentes desde un enfoque territorial con comunidades afrodescendientes de rendición de cuentas sobre la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz y el capítulo étnico con el fin de propiciar un monitoreo e interlocución directa con las instituciones del Estado.
  • Diseñar e implementar un protocolo y ruta de atención que permitan establecer mecanismos de monitoreo para la implementación de la Ley 1482 de 2011.
  • Ratificar la Convención Interamericana contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial y Formas Conexas de Intolerancia (CIRDI) y la Convención Interamericana contra toda Forma de Discriminación e Intolerancia (CIDI).

Mecanismo Internacional de personas Expertas Independientes para promover la justicia y la igualdad raciales en el contexto de la labor de las fuerzas del orden – EMLER

El Mecanismo Internacional de personas Expertas Independientes es una iniciativa destinada a promover la justicia y la igualdad racial en el contexto de la labor de las fuerzas del orden. Su objetivo es garantizar que las prácticas policiales sean justas e imparciales, y que se respeten los derechos humanos en todo momento. Este mecanismo está integrado por personas experta independientes de todo el mundo, que trabajan en estrecha colaboración con las autoridades nacionales y locales, así como con la sociedad civil y las organizaciones de derechos humanos. Su labor consiste en llevar a cabo investigaciones imparciales y objetivas sobre denuncias de violaciones de los derechos humanos por parte de las fuerzas del orden, y en hacer recomendaciones para mejorar las prácticas policiales y prevenir futuras violaciones.

Este año el Instituto Raza e Igualdad y la Conferencia Nacional de Organizaciones Afrocolombianas (C.N.O.A), realizaron en conjunto un aporte escrito al Mecanismo, con el objetivo de colaborar en la creación del segundo informe, tal como se establece en el párrafo 15 de la resolución 47/21 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Allí se describen y analizan las iniciativas prometedoras y buenas prácticas que se están adoptando en Colombia para abordar el racismo sistémico dentro de las fuerzas del orden.

Algunas buenas prácticas que se estén adoptando para abordar el racismo sistémico dentro de las fuerzas del orden son: la transformación del enfoque de la seguridad que por décadas se ha basado en la construcción y eliminación del enemigo interno, transformación del cuerpo de policía y en la reconstrucción de la seguridad ciudadana , la creación de la Unidad de Diálogo y Mantenimiento del Orden como una iniciativa de reforma al ESMAD, la inclusión del enfoque de seguridad humana para la defensa de lideresas y líderes sociales desde un enfoque diferencial individual y colectivo, y la creación a mediano plazo de un Ministerio para la Paz.

Así mismo las organizaciones de la sociedad civil han ejecutado iniciativas para denunciar el racismo sistémico dentro de las fuerzas del orden entre los cuales destacamos: La Plataforma GRITA[8] y Policarpa[9] de Temblores ONG y el Pliego de propuestas sobre la reforma policial dirigido al Estado[10], elaborado por Mesa por la Reforma Policial, de la cual el Instituto Raza e Igualdad hace parte.

Algunas recomendaciones incluidas en el aporte al Mecanismo realizadas por Raza e Igualdad y el CNOA son:

  • Inclusión e implementación de enfoques diferenciales, desde una perspectiva interseccional, en las políticas y estructuras de la Fuerza Pública
  • Formación del cuerpo policial en Derechos Humanos
  • Garantizar el derecho a la protesta a través de la existencia de protocolos diferenciados en contextos de manifestaciones sociales
  • Transformar la doctrina de la Policía Nacional
  • Establecer mecanismos de rendición de cuentas y veedurías ciudadanas
  • Garantizar el acceso a la justicia de víctimas de violencia policial y de violencia policial racista

La ratificación de la Convención Interamericana Contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial y Formas Conexas de Intolerancia (CIRDI)

 La Convención Interamericana Contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial y Formas Conexas de Intolerancia (CIRDI) fue adoptada por la OEA en 2013 para proteger y promover los derechos humanos de todas las personas sin importar su raza, color, ascendencia u origen étnico. El Gobierno colombiano firmó esta convención en 2014 pero aún no ha sido ratificada. Un proyecto de ley fue radicado en el Congreso en 2021 para lograr su ratificación y promover su implementación efectiva en las Américas. La convención busca prevenir y eliminar la discriminación racial y otras formas de intolerancia, promover la igualdad y combatir el racismo en todas sus formas.

La ratificación de la CIRDI es un paso fundamental para consolidar el compromiso del Gobierno colombiano en la promoción y garantía de los derechos humanos y la lucha contra el racismo estructural y la discriminación racial.

En el marco del Día de la Afrocolombianidad, El Instituto Raza e Igualdad insta al Estado colombiano a que adopte un enfoque integral para abordar las múltiples formas de discriminación y exclusión que enfrenta la población afrocolombiana. Esto implica no solo la adopción de medidas específicas para garantizar su protección y promover su inclusión social, sino también el reconocimiento y valoración de su legado histórico en el país. En conclusión, el Día de la Afrocolombianidad nos recuerda la importancia de reconocer y valorar la diversidad étnica y cultural del país, así como de adoptar medidas efectivas para garantizar la igualdad y la protección de los derechos de todas las personas. En este sentido, es fundamental que el Estado colombiano adopte los mecanismos internacionales de protección de derechos y adopte medidas concretas para combatir el racismo, la discriminación racial y promover la inclusión social de la población afrocolombiana.

 

[1] https://www.mincultura.gov.co/prensa/publicaciones/Paginas/dia-de-la-afrocolombianidad.aspx

[2] Consagrada en la Ley 21 de mayo 21 de 1851

[3] https://www.elespectador.com/judicial/dia-de-la-afrocolombianidad-2752-de-personas-desaparecidas-son-de-esta-comunidad/

[4] https://ilexaccionjuridica.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/La-invisibilidad-estadistica-de-la-poblacion-afrocolombiana-y-su-impacto-en-los-derechos-humanos_WP-ILEX.pdf

[5] https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/12/08/reduccion-de-30-de-la-poblacion-afrocolombiana-en-censo-de-2018-sera-estudiada-por-la-corte-constitucional/

[6] https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=37&Lang=SP

[7] Procedimientos especiales, organismos de tratados, de derechos humanos, y otras entidades de las Naciones unidas

 

[8] https://www.temblores.org/grita

[9] https://www.temblores.org/policarpa

[10] https://raceandequality.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/PLIEGO-REFORMA.pdf

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