Día Internacional para la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial: Los nuevos estándares internacionales en materia de derechos de personas afrodescendientes y justicia racial, y la Convención Interamericana contra el Racismo

Washington D.C., 21 de marzo de 2022.– A partir de hechos como el asesinato del ciudadano afroamericano George Floyd, los problemas de racismo y discriminación racial se han posicionado en […]

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Washington D.C., 21 de marzo de 2022.– A partir de hechos como el asesinato del ciudadano afroamericano George Floyd, los problemas de racismo y discriminación racial se han posicionado en la agenda mundial, generando reacciones y medidas de protección y reparación para personas afrodescendientes. Es innegable, por ejemplo, el esfuerzo que ha habido a nivel del Sistema Universal de Derechos Humanos para crear y fortalecer mecanismos internacionales en materia de derechos humanos de esta población y de justicia racial.

Este Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial, desde el Instituto sobre Raza, Igualdad y Derechos Humanos (Raza e Igualdad) queremos hacer un reconocimiento de los nuevos estándares internacionales en materia de derechos de personas afrodescendientes y de justicia racial, pero también un llamado para que estos mecanismos pasen del papel a la realidad y podamos evidenciar una plena garantía de derechos para las y los afrodescendientes en todo el mundo.

Los mecanismos y sus mandatos

El mencionado contexto de conciencia y acciones a favor de los derechos de las personas afrodescendientes también ha estado impulsado por el plan de actividades del Decenio Internacional para los Afrodescendientes (2015-2024). Uno de sus objetivos principales es aprobar y fortalecer marcos jurídicos nacionales, regionales e internacionales de conformidad con la Declaración y el Programa de Acción de Durban y la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial, y asegurar su aplicación plena y efectiva.

En 2021, Naciones Unidas adoptó dos importantes mecanismos. Uno de ellos es el Foro Permanente de Afrodescendientes, que fue aprobado en agosto a través de la Resolución 75/314 de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas, con la misión de ser un órgano asesor del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. Entre sus mandatos está el de “contribuir a la plena inclusión política, económica y social de los afrodescendientes en las sociedades en las que viven, en pie de igualdad con los demás ciudadanos y sin discriminación de ningún tipo, y contribuir a garantizar el disfrute en condiciones de igualdad de todos los derechos humanos”.

La resolución determina que el Foro se compondrá de diez miembros. Cinco de estos integrantes—entre los que actualmente se encuentra la ex vicepresidente de Costa Rica, Epsy Campbell, y el abogado Justin Hansford de Estados Unidos—son designados por los gobiernos y elegidos por la Asamblea General sobre una base de distribución geográfica equitativa, y cinco más designados por el presidente del Consejo de Derechos Humanos en consulta con organizaciones de afrodescendientes. Otro de sus mandatos es evaluar una posible declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre la promoción, la protección y el respeto pleno de los derechos humanos de los afrodescendientes, además de identificar las mejores prácticas, retos y oportunidades e iniciativas para abordar las cuestiones relacionadas con los afrodescendientes.

Por otro lado, en su resolución adoptada el 13 de julio de 2021, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos decidió establecer un mecanismo internacional de expertos independientes, compuesto por tres expertos con experiencia en aplicación de la ley y derechos humanos, que deben ser designados por el presidente del Consejo. Su mandato es examinar el racismo sistémico y el uso excesivo de la fuerza y ​​otras violaciones del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos contra africanos y afrodescendientes por parte de funcionarios encargados de hacer cumplir la ley en todo el mundo.

El mandato de este mecanismo internacional de expertas y expertos independientes es de tres años, y está claramente definido en nueve tareas entre las que destaca la de “formular recomendaciones sobre la manera en que los regímenes jurídicos nacionales sobre el uso de la fuerza por los agentes del orden pueden ajustarse a las normas de derechos humanos aplicables”. Además, entre sus medios de acción están contempladas visitas a los países y actividades de divulgación y consultas inclusivas con los Estados, las personas y comunidades directamente afectadas y otras partes interesadas.

En diciembre pasado, se conoció que el mecanismo quedó conformado por la jueza Yvonne Mokgoro de Sudáfrica, Tracie L. Keesee de Estados Unidos y Juan Méndez de Argentina. Una de sus próximas misiones, según la resolución del Consejo de Derechos Humanos, es que, junto a la Alta Comisionada para los Derechos Humanos, redacten anualmente sendos informes y los presenten al Consejo de Derechos a partir de su 51 período de sesiones, previsto a desarrollarse entre septiembre y octubre de este año. Ello en el marco de un diálogo interactivo en el que se dé prioridad a la participación de las personas y las comunidades directamente afectadas, incluidas las víctimas y sus familiares.

Situación en Latinoamérica

En Latinoamérica, el racismo y discriminación racial son problemas estructurales y persistentes, con manifestaciones y consecuencias diversas que tienen sus raíces en la esclavitud impuesta por el colonialismo europeo. La reciente visibilización de la brutalidad policial, de episodios de perfilamiento racial, de la violencia sistémica contra las personas afrodescendientes, y su impunidad, son muestra de que estos males siguen latentes en la sociedad en pleno Siglo XXI.

Ante esa realidad, la Convención Interamericana contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial y Formas Conexas de Intolerancia (CIRDI) se configura como una poderosa herramienta para combatir esos problemas. Esta Convención fue adoptada por la Asamblea General de la OEA el 5 de junio de 2013, convirtiéndose así en la convención homóloga de la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación del Racismo y la Discriminación Racial (CERD) de 1965, el primer instrumento internacional de alcance universal a partir del cual fue priorizado el combate al racismo y la discriminación racial, y de la cual los 35 Estados miembros de la OEA son parte.

Hasta la fecha, solo seis países de las Américas (Antigua y Barbuda, Brasil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México y Uruguay) se han adherido completamente a la CIRDI, es decir que la han firmado y ratificado. En tanto, otros siete países (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Haití, Panamá y Perú) solo la han firmado, por lo que el instrumento aun no es vinculante para esos Estados. Raza e Igualdad, a través de la campaña CIRDI 2024 “Hacia una región libre de discriminación racial”, se ha propuesto promover la ratificación e implementación de la CIRDI en la mayoría de los países que conforman la OEA.

Respecto a la CERD, la CIRDI contiene disposiciones novedosas, como colocar la definición del término “racismo” en un instrumento jurídico, así como establecer que los hechos de discriminación racial se pueden dar tanto en el ámbito público como en el privado, mientras que la CERD circunscribe estos hechos únicamente al ámbito privado. La CIRDI, además, contempla la creación de un Comité Interamericano para la Prevención y Eliminación del Racismo, la Discriminación Racial y Todas las Formas de Discriminación e Intolerancia. Este Comité tiene como cometido monitorear los compromisos asumidos en la Convención, servir como foro para el intercambio de ideas y experiencias, formular recomendaciones a los Estados Parte, y recibir los informes de los Estados sobre el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de la Convención. Sin embargo, el establecimiento de este Comité está sujeto a que 10 países ratifiquen la Convención, lo que aún no ha sucedido.

Relevancia de la CIRDI para Colombia y Brasil

En Colombia, la Convención Interamericana contra el Racismo, la Discriminación Racial y Formas Conexas de Intolerancia inició su proceso de ratificación a través de la presentación del Proyecto de Ley para su aprobación el 16 de diciembre de 2021. Esta Convención podrá significar un aporte sustancial a la construcción de paz en Colombia con su ratificación. En particular, la CIRDI sería un instrumento jurídico vivo que brindaría apoyo y fortalecimiento al marco jurídico existente, especialmente en el reconocimiento del racismo y la discriminación racial como fenómenos estructurales que han sustentado las afectaciones desproporcionadas y diferenciadas contra la población negra, afrocolombiana, raizal y palenquera.

Las personas afrodescendientes han sufrido los impactos desproporcionados del conflicto armado en Colombia. De acuerdo con la Unidad para la Atención y Reparación Integral a Víctimas (UARIV), 1.177.120 personas afrocolombianas han sido registradas como víctimas en el Registro Único de Víctimas (RUV) hasta la fecha. El Acuerdo Final de Paz reconoció los impactos desproporcionados contra las comunidades afrocolombianas especialmente a través de la inclusión del Capítulo Étnico, cuyo propósito es generar garantías máximas para el ejercicio pleno de los derechos humanos de las comunidades étnicas en el país. En este sentido, señala que el Acuerdo de Paz debe ser interpretado a la luz del marco jurídico internacional, constitucional, jurisprudencia y legal existente, incluyendo, por ejemplo, la Convención Internacional sobre la Eliminación de Todas las Formas de Discriminación Racial (CERD).

La ratificación de la CIRDI implica que los países realicen modificaciones en sus legislaciones para acoplarse a los principios y mandatos de la Convención, por lo que su ratificación en Brasil en febrero de 2021 abrió un nuevo escenario para el discurso y activismo antirracista en este país, donde el 55% de la población es afrodescendiente. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, se configura un reto importante, que es el de garantizar su implementación efectiva. En Raza e Igualdad, hemos adquirido el compromiso de brindar asistencia técnica tanto a la sociedad civil como al Estado para que la CIRDI sea una realidad en Brasil.

Cabe destacar que la brutalidad policial representa una gran proporción de los asesinatos de hombres y mujeres afrobrasileños, incluidas las mujeres afro transgénero. El Foro Brasileño de Seguridad Pública documentó que “la tasa de mortalidad en 2019 por intervenciones policiales fue un 183,2% más alta para los afrodescendientes que para los blancos”. En la misma línea, el Anuario Brasileño de Seguridad Pública documentó que los afrodescendientes son las mayores víctimas de la letalidad policial; en 2019, el 79,1% de las víctimas de intervenciones policiales eran afrodescendientes, mientras que el 20,8% eran blancos.

Vemos entonces que, tanto a nivel universal como a nivel interamericano, existen mecanismos fortalecidos y novedosos en materia de defensa y protección de derechos de la población afrodescendiente. Esto es, sin duda, un gran paso hacia la eliminación del racismo y discriminación racial, pues para ello ha habido un proceso de reflexión y evidencia de la causas, manifestaciones y consecuencias de estos males en diferentes ámbitos de la sociedad. Estamos ahora ante la tarea de apropiar e implementar de forma efectiva esos instrumentos. Tal misión no solamente corresponde a los Estados como responsables de la adhesión y puesta en práctica de los mecanismos, sino que desde la sociedad civil y desde la comunidad internacional debe existir la responsabilidad de dar seguimiento a esos procesos.

En Raza e Igualdad creemos firmemente que estos nuevos mecanismos, sumados a los existentes desde hace varios años, representan una oportunidad para visibilizar y mejorar la situación de derechos humanos en la región, a corto y mediano plazo. Por eso, reafirmamos nuestro compromiso de continuar fortaleciendo las capacidades de las organizaciones de la sociedad civil para que emprendan procesos de incidencia y monitoreo en la adopción e implementación de estos instrumentos. En el caso particular de la CIRDI, hacemos un llamado a los Estados para ratificar e implementar esta Convención tan importante en términos de derechos humanos, así como a activistas y organizaciones para que establezcan rutas estratégicas para incidir en la ratificación e implementación de la Convención Interamericana contra el Racismo en sus respectivos países.

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