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Apresentar as experiências cotidianas das mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais de favelas, especificamente das que vivem no Complexo da Maré, no Rio de Janeiro. Com essa proposta, a Coletiva Resistência Lésbica da Maré realizou o Mapeamento Sócio-Cultural-Afetivo das Lésbicas e Mulheres Bissexuais do Complexo da Maré, organizado por Beatriz Adura Martins e Dayana Gusmão (Acesse: https://bit.ly/2TDB5ES.) A pesquisa foi realizada entre novembro de 2019 e junho de 2020, em parceria com o Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). O mapeamento está disponível para download gratuito no site da Metanoia Editora, dirigida pelas mulheres lésbicas Léa Carvalho e Malu Santos. [1]
Entre as vivências compartilhadas nos Espaço Casulo, local onde acontecia o grupo terapêutico de mulheres lésbicas, e outros espaços de socialização da Coletiva na Maré, a realização do mapeamento não aconteceu de forma distanciada da realidade das moradoras da região. Antes da pesquisa começar de fato, as estudantes de psicologia que estavam encarregadas de ministrar a pesquisa, primeiro conheceram as situações que permeiam as vivências lésbicas e bissexuais de favelas ao circularem pelo Complexo da Maré. Foi somente a partir dessas andanças, que nasceram as perguntas que construíram o mapeamento.
Assim, o documento visa denunciar a escassez de respostas sobre as vivências lésbicas de favela, sobretudo as experiências de não violência, uma vez que as representações hegemônicas das favelas remetem a violência e ao abandono do poder público. “Geralmente essas pesquisas tratam somente das mulheres lésbicas classe média e/ou daquelas que estão na ‘pista’ e a realidade das lésbicas de favela acabam sendo ignoradas. Por isso, a ideia do mapeamento é afirmar essas existências na Maré e não dizer como elas devem ser”, esclarece Beatriz Adura [2]. Desse modo, ela deixa a questão: de que forma números e mapeamentos podem servir para mapear experiências subjetivas?
A partir dessas reflexões, as organizadoras afirmam que essa pesquisa é pioneira, pois não conhecem nenhuma outra iniciativa de mapeamento sócio-cultural e afetivo de lésbicas e bissexuais de favela no Brasil. E com isso, esperam que a discussão seja ampliada para muitos outros mapeamentos dessa realidade pelo país. As organizadoras enfatizam que a pluralidade das lesbianidades precisam ser visibilizadas, pois a pesquisa reflete que mesmo na Maré há diferenças entre as existências destas mulheres e, como aponta entre seus objetivos, o mapeamento pretende forçar a construção de políticas públicas que considerem as especificidades das mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais dos territórios mapeados, assim como qualificar o debate e produzir sociabilidade que contribua para a quebra da marginalização social às lésbicas do Complexo da Maré.
Foram mapeadas oito favelas do Complexo que possui no total de 16 favelas. Com 40 perguntas, o questionário obteve um total de 59 respondentes que responderam questões sobre raça, moradia, maternidade, religião, saneamento básico, relações familiares, entre outras. Com a maioria das respondentes universitárias, destacou-se a importância dos pré-vestibulares comunitários da Maré. Entre as questões sobre gênero, as pesquisadoras apontam que essa é uma questão muito mais acadêmica do que um valor que perpassa o cotidiano destas mulheres, tanto que 20% optaram por não responder e 3 pessoas designaram-se como não-binárias.
Sobre a questão racial, 70% declararam-se não brancas, fato que as organizadoras apontam como vital para se pensar políticas públicas que contemplem a realidade das favelas, pois, geralmente, essas pesquisas apontam a realidade somente de mulheres lésbicas brancas e de classe média. 47,5% se autodeclararam preta; 28,8%, branca; 20,3%, parda; 3,4%, indígena; nenhuma pessoa se declarou amarela. “Chamamos atenção da importância de pesquisas específicas de modos de sociabilidade favelados que muitas vezes não aparecem nas estatísticas de pesquisas genéricas, ficando sempre destinado a população favelada falar de suas mazelas e violências. As lésbicas faveladas da Maré existem e são em sua maioria negras (pretas e pardas) e indígenas, representando 71,2% desta população”, aponta o relatório.
Em relação à violência, as entrevistadas afirmaram sentirem-se mais seguras e à vontade dentro da favela para expressarem sua sexualidade, pois já sofreram ataques fora dela. Com isso, a pesquisa revela que a violência doméstica é a que caracteriza o cotidiano contra as lésbicas na Maré. Fato que já levou muitas a serem encaminhadas por familiares a práticas de terapias de conversão [3] através da religião. Nesse sentido, esses dados refletem como o avanço do conservadorismo e o crescimento de igrejas neopentecostais na região influenciam no quadro de violência e de negação das existências lésbicas. Sendo a violência psicológica representando o dobro de opressão do que a violência física no que se refere as lesbianidades e bissexualidades mareenses. Como resultado, 70% afirmam não ter religião.
Diante deste cenário, as organizadoras apontam que a união das lésbicas na Maré foi importante para a construção da pesquisa, contudo, essa foi somente a primeira etapa. No momento, a Coletiva Resistência Lésbica da Maré está em busca de patrocínio para a segunda fase do mapeamento e, assim, conseguir abranger essas existências por todo o Complexo da Maré. Os poucos recursos financeiros, a falta de material tecnológico e até mesmo a dificuldade no acesso à Internet, dificultaram a plena realização do mapeamento. Sem contar na pandemia de COVID-19 que atrasou o término da pesquisa.
“A violência policial foi outro fator que dificultou a pesquisa. Em vários momentos em que conseguíamos mobilizar mulheres para responder o questionário, estavam acontecendo operações policiais. A militarização só causou danos. Por isso, essa pesquisa se insere na perspectiva da desmilitarização da favela e da vida das pessoas. É preciso criar um território de cuidado, de produção de vida e não de controle”, desabafa Dayana Gusmão. [4]
Desse modo, o Instituto Raça e Igualdade parabeniza e encoraja todas as pesquisas libertárias que afirmam a favela como lugar de produção de conhecimento. Nesse sentido, recomendamos ao Estado brasileiro que:
1 – Crie políticas públicas que contemplem a diversidade e a interseccionalidade de mulheres lésbicas de favelas;
2 – Empreenda políticas que visem a desmilitarização de favelas, não somente no período de pandemia, mas como uma política vigente territorial;
3 – Implemente as recomendações da CIDH que constam em seu relatório sobre Violência contra pessoas LGBTI (2015) em relação à realização de ações para analisar e avaliar a predominância da violência contra mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais: adotar medidas específicas para prevenir e investigar este tipo de violência, com um enfoque diferenciado que considere as relações de poder na interseção de sexo, gênero, orientação sexual e expressão de gênero [4]
[1] Acesso o Mapeamento: https://bit.ly/2TDB5ES
[2] [4] Falas apresentadas durante o lançamento do Mapeamento no YouTube do Museu da Maré, que ocorreu no dia 17 de outubro.
[3] Acesse o relatório sobre Terapias de Conversão do IESOGI da ONU, Victor Madrigal-Borloz: https://bit.ly/2GH6za2
[4] CIDH. Violência contra pessoas LGBTI. 2015, p. 311, par. 69. Disponível em: www.oas.org/pt/cidh/docs/pdf/ViolenciaPessoasLGBTI.pdf