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Em 2020, cinquenta e um anos se passaram desde os distúrbios no Stonewall Inn. Este ano celebraremos isoladamente devido às medidas de distanciamento social estabelecidas, mas celebraremos e resistiremos. Os protestos de Stonewall deram poder às gerações futuras e forjaram o movimento LGBTI em todo o mundo. Este evento tornou-se um apelo simbólico à ação. Stonewall observou que isso bastava e o que era pessoal se tornou político.
Cinquenta e um anos depois, temos muito o que comemorar. Muitos países ao redor do mundo reconheceram a existência de pessoas LGBTI e aprovaram leis que proíbem a discriminação com base na orientação sexual e identidade de gênero. As pessoas trans também têm mais direitos agora e podem mudar seus nomes legalmente em alguns países. Outros Estados permitem que a população LGBTI se case com a pessoa que ama, independentemente de sexo/gênero. Em cinquenta e um anos, o movimento LGBTI realizou muitas coisas que apenas se sonhavam nos motins anteriores ao Stonewall.
Na América Latina, comemoramos este mês a legalização do casamento entre pessoas do mesmo gênero na Costa Rica, em conformidade com a Opinião Consultiva 24/17 da Corte Interamericana. Saudamos também a decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal de permitir que gays e bissexuais doem sangue. No entanto, a decisão não incluiu formalmente mulheres transexuais e travestis. Na última década, muitos países latino-americanos aprovaram leis em favor dos direitos LGBTI. Atualmente, existem sete países na América Latina que reconhecem casamentos ou uniões entre pessoas do mesmo sexo [1], oito países que permitem que pessoas trans mudem legalmente seus nomes [2], e muitos outros têm leis anti-discriminação em vigor.
No entanto, a orientação sexual e a identidade de gênero das pessoas LGBTI na região são constantemente questionadas. O surgimento de grupos fundamentalistas e o discurso do ódio significou que nossas vidas e realizações também estão ameaçadas. Os assassinatos de LGBTI mostram ódio profundo, uma espécie de cenário macabro, apenas porque nos afastamos do binário. As pessoas LGBTI também não foram incluídas na resposta dos governos ao COVID-19, apesar de representarem uma das populações mais vulneráveis e têm maior probabilidade de trabalhar no setor informal, aumentando sua vulnerabilidade. Outros países da região implementaram medidas restritivas baseadas em gênero, o que significava que pessoas trans ou com diversidade de gênero eram discriminadas e violadas. No Brasil, em meio à pandemia, os assassinatos de mulheres transexuais e travestis continuam aumentando [3]. Continuamos a viver em uma sociedade cis-heteronormativa e machista que continua a silenciar vozes LGBTI, mas resistimos.
O Mês do Orgulho LGBTI também é um mês para celebrar a memória histórica do movimento LGBTI em todo o mundo. Não devemos esquecer as vidas LGBTI perdidas durante a guerra. A América Latina é uma região que continua a lidar com o legado de conflitos armados e vítimas de LGBTI. No Peru, 31 de maio é reconhecido no dia nacional contra crimes de ódio e é o dia em que a comunidade comemora as vidas LGBTI perdidas durante o conflito armado interno. Até hoje, o número exato de pessoas que foram mortas devido à sua orientação sexual ou identidade de gênero é desconhecido, pois isso nunca fez parte do mandato da Comissão da Verdade [4]. No entanto, sabe-se que as forças armadas e grupos guerrilheiros instituíram “campanhas de limpeza” que procuravam eliminar a população LGBTI no país.
Este mês é um momento para comemorar, mas também para refletir sobre as conquistas que fizemos e as lutas futuras. Estamos vivendo um momento único em que as desigualdades estruturais e a marginalização histórica da comunidade LGBTI são mais evidentes do que nunca, e o COVID-19 é a prova disso.
Um mundo pós-COVID-19 deve incluir a comunidade LGBTI, promover tolerância e educação. Como isso pôde acontecer em uma região tão desigual, que tem um legado de colonização tão profundo e condena quem é “diferente”?
Desde Raça e Igualdade, fazemos as seguintes recomendações aos Estados:
Primeiro, os Estados devem educar a população sobre orientação sexual e identidade de gênero. Muitos dos preconceitos contra a comunidade LGBTI vêm da ignorância e informar a população é uma maneira de combater a violência. Os Estados poderiam incorporar a programação LGBTI em seus canais públicos de televisão.
Segundo, há uma necessidade urgente de treinar todas as autoridades públicas, não apenas em orientação sexual e identidade de gênero, mas também em direitos LGBTI. Os Estados devem exigir que todas as autoridades públicas recebam treinamento sobre essas questões e sobre a jurisprudência internacional atual sobre os direitos LGBTI.
Terceiro, uma lei de identidade de gênero é crucial para o reconhecimento dos direitos das pessoas trans. Abre a porta para outros direitos, permitindo que eles se registrem com seu nome de identidade no banco ou na escola e, com isso, poderiam evitar o estigma que advém do uso do nome biológico.
Quarto, todos os Estados devem assinar e ratificar a Ratificar a Convenção Interamericana Contra Toda Forma de Discriminação e Intolerância [5].
Finalmente, os Estados devem coletar dados desagregados sobre pessoas LGBTI. As políticas públicas só funcionarão se soubermos onde estão as lacunas.
[1] https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-52803210
[2] https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/trans-en-america-latina-una-poblacion-en-constante-riesgo-480934
[3] https://antrabrasil.files.wordpress.com/2020/05/boletim-2-2020-assassinatos-antra-1.pdf
[4] https://idehpucp.pucp.edu.pe/analisis/31-de-mayo-recordando-los-crimenes-de-odio-durante-el-conflicto-armado-por-ariana-jauregui/
[5] http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-69_discrimination_intolerance.asp