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Washington DC, 23 de setembro de 2024 – Como todos os anos, o Dia Internacional da Visibilidade Bissexual oferece uma oportunidade, em nível global, para o reconhecimento da identidade bissexual como parte importante da diversidade sexual e de gênero. O Instituto sobre Raça, Igualdade e Direitos Humanos (Raça e Igualdade) valoriza e homenageia os defensores dos direitos humanos bissexuais que contribuem para a visibilidade bissexual, desafiando binarismos e estigmas e abordando as barreiras que limitam a igualdade de acesso às oportunidades e ao exercício de seus direitos fundamentais.
Apesar dos avanços na luta pelos direitos LGBTI+, as pessoas bissexuais continuam enfrentando discriminação e violência em diversas áreas de suas vidas, desde o acesso a cargos públicos até o atendimento no setor de saúde; sofrem bullying nas escolas e enfrentam dificuldades em serem reconhecidas em espaços da luta ativista.
Obstáculos ao acesso a cargos públicos
Pessoas bissexuais muitas vezes confrontam-se com uma notável falta de representação em cargos públicos. Esse déficit perpetua a invisibilidade e os estereótipos negativos que afetam suas vidas. A percepção de que a bissexualidade é uma “fase” ou uma identidade menos legítima do que outras contribui para a exclusão de pessoas bissexuais dos espaços de defesa e tomada de decisão. Liandra Paz, Coordenadora do projeto Escola de Formação Crítica Majorie Marchi do grupo Conexão G de Cidadania LGBT em favelas do Brasil, nos trouxe um exemplo: “Uma pessoa bissexual que ocupou um cargo público foi Marielle Franco, uma vereadora do Rio de Janeiro, cuja orientação sexual é muitas vezes erroneamente reduzida à de uma mulher lésbica, mesmo sendo uma mulher bissexual. Marielle é constantemente referida como lésbica, refletindo a dificuldade que a sociedade tem em reconhecer a complexidade e a legitimidade das identidades bissexuais. Após sua morte, a própria família de Marielle reivindicou publicamente sua bissexualidade, lutando contra a eliminação dessa parte fundamental de sua identidade.”
Essa falta de representação acaba exacerbando as barreiras estruturais e limitando a capacidade das pessoas bissexuais de defender políticas específicas. “Por isso, a luta pela visibilidade bissexual, tanto no espaço político quanto na sociedade em geral, é vital. A representação de parlamentares como Marielle Franco não só amplia o escopo das políticas públicas voltadas para os direitos LGBTI+, como também enfrenta diretamente a eliminação sistemática da bissexualidade”, concluiu.
Desafios no setor da saúde
“Quando se trata de prevenção e tratamento de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, a educação e os recursos disponíveis muitas vezes não são adaptados às nossas realidades; quando peço rotineiramente exames de saúde sexual, presume-se que isso seja porque sou bissexual, o que significa para eles ‘ser promíscua’. Honestamente, prefiro ler e procurar informações de minha parte; e me poupar do momento difícil ou de me sentir discriminada na frente de um estranho sobre minha orientação sexual”, disse Ana Gómez, uma ativista bissexual independente da Colômbia.
Na região, os profissionais de saúde muitas vezes carecem de treinamento adequado para atender às necessidades específicas das pessoas bissexuais, e a pesquisa em saúde exclui suas experiências, como observado em uma declaração de 2018 da Comissão Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (CIDH) e de especialistas em direitos humanos das Nações Unidas, impossibilitando a compreensão do tema. Como resultado, as pessoas bissexuais têm cuidados inadequados, diagnósticos incorretos, falta de compreensão e sofrem discriminação e abuso. O acesso e a qualidade dos cuidados no setor da saúde são áreas críticas que os Estados ainda precisam trabalhar para melhorar.
“Embora a saúde seja um direito constitucional na Colômbia, na prática, o acesso a serviços de qualidade tornou-se um privilégio. (…) para quem vive em áreas rurais, essas situações são ainda mais complicadas: enfrentam maiores barreiras de acesso e uma estigmatização tão forte que muitas vezes não há espaço ou energia para se identificar como bissexual”, completou Ana. Desse modo, esse contexto não apenas coloca em risco a saúde física e mental das pessoas bissexuais, mas também perpetua a desigualdade.
Bullying bifóbico nas escolas
O bullying de estudantes que se identificam como bissexuais é expresso com comentários depreciativos, humilhação, exclusão e agressão psicológica e física, o que não só impacta negativamente o bem-estar emocional e acadêmico, mas também contribui para uma cultura de silêncio e medo que reforça a invisibilidade. “É muito importante incluir experiências bissexuais e ser mencionado em currículos e conversas acadêmicas. Educar sobre a diversidade sexual e de gênero, que não tem nada a ver com monossexualidade”, disse Fhran Medina, advogado bissexual da Fraternidad Trans Masculina Perú.
Portanto, é essencial que os Estados adotem políticas nacionais para garantir que crianças, adolescentes e jovens, independentemente da orientação sexual, possam aprender e se desenvolver em um ambiente seguro e respeitoso.
Barreiras em espaços de ativismo e luta social
Em muitos casos, depois de fugir de casa para preservar sua integridade física e mental, as pessoas bissexuais buscam refúgio em espaços LGBTI+ organizados, disse-nos Cristiana Huerta, Presidente da Associação Feminista Las Malcriadas, na Nicarágua; no entanto, descobrem que não são totalmente compreendidos devido ao binário de gênero. E assim, são frequentemente excluídos ou minimizados por suas contribuições dentro dos movimentos LGBTI+ devido à crença de que sua identidade não é “relevante o suficiente”.
A editora cubana, Karla Ma. Pérez González, concorda: “as pessoas bissexuais, como em muitos outros países, são invisíveis e se perdem na sigla LGBTI+. Eu teria que dizer que nos últimos anos houve uma mudança social notável nas atitudes em relação às pessoas LGBTI+.” Além disso, ela destacou que o governo cubano tomou algumas iniciativas, mas apenas para limpar sua imagem em nível internacional e não há interesse real em mudar paradigmas. “A discriminação ainda é algo que acontece diariamente e não podemos esquecer a história repressiva do regime em relação aos dissidentes sexuais”, destacou.
Essa falta de reconhecimento limita a capacidade das pessoas bissexuais de influenciar a agenda LGBTI+, posicionar suas demandas e estratégias no ativismo. Por isso, em Raça e Igualdade, acreditamos que somente a representação e a participação autêntica da diversidade bissexual em espaços de articulação e luta pelos direitos humanos alcançarão um progresso real em direção à equidade.
Recomendações para os Estados
Para enfrentar os desafios e garantir os direitos das pessoas bissexuais, retomamos algumas recomendações que as Nações Unidas fizeram aos Estados:
- Investigar e processar atos de violência, tortura e maus-tratos cometidos contra pessoas bissexuais e aqueles que defendem seus direitos, e fornecer reparações às vítimas de tais atos.
- Aumentar a conscientização entre os profissionais de saúde e garantir que as pessoas bissexuais e suas famílias tenham acesso a serviços de saúde seguros e não discriminatórios que levem em consideração seus interesses específicos.
- Aumentar a conscientização sobre a bissexualidade por meio do sistema educacional e dissipar estereótipos e preconceitos negativos por meio de campanhas de conscientização pública.
- Garantir que as pessoas bissexuais e as organizações bissexuais sejam consultadas no desenvolvimento de pesquisas e no desenvolvimento de legislação e políticas que afetem seus direitos e que sua participação em tais processos seja incentivada.
5. Apoiar pesquisas que gerem dados desagregados sobre a situação específica das pessoas bissexuais, por exemplo, no que diz respeito à pobreza, emprego, moradia, saúde, educação e acesso a serviços públicos.